The Structure Transfer Machine Theory and Applications

Representation learning is a fundamental but challenging problem, especially when the distribution of data is unknown. We propose a new representation learning method, termed Structure Transfer Machine (STM), which enables feature learning process to converge at the representation expectation in a probabilistic way. We theoretically show that such an expected value of the representation (mean) is achievable if the manifold structure can be transferred from the data space to the feature space. The resulting structure regularization term, named manifold loss, is incorporated into the loss function of the typical deep learning pipeline. The STM architecture is constructed to enforce the learned deep representation to satisfy the intrinsic manifold structure from the data, which results in robust features that suit various application scenarios, such as digit recognition, image classification and object tracking. Compared to state-of-the-art CNN architectures, we achieve the better results on several commonly used benchmarks\footnote{The source code is available. https://github.com/stmstmstm/stm }

The structure transfer machine theory and applications

Representation learning is a fundamental but challenging problem, especially when the distribution of data is unknown. In this paper, we propose a new representation learning method, named Structure Transfer Machine (STM), which enables feature learning process to converge at the representation expectation in a probabilistic way. We theoretically show that such an expected value of the representation (mean) is achievable if the manifold structure can be transferred from the data space to the feature space. The resulting structure regularization term, named manifold loss, is incorporated into the loss function of the typical deep learning pipeline. The STM architecture is constructed to enforce the learned deep representation to satisfy the intrinsic manifold structure from the data, which results in robust features that suit various application scenarios, such as digit recognition, image classification and object tracking. Compared with state-of-the-art CNN architectures, we achieve better results on several commonly used public benchmarks

Introducing an ophthalmic testing system

AIM: To integrate the individual and various items of refractive examination to one software, and made it applicated conveniently.<p>METHODS: On the basis of every examination system, the computer software was designed and developed, the modules were established and maintained.<p>RESULTS: The computer software could fulfill the examinations of visual acuity, strabismus(Hess screen), color vision, stereopsis.<p>CONCLUSION: After 10 years' application, the effect is significant. It can nearly replace the items using projector of integrated refractometer, stereopsis exam and color blind exam

Poly[diaquabis­(μ4-fumarato-κ4 O 1:O 1′:O 4:O 4′)(μ4-fumarato-κ6 O 1:O 1,O 1′:O 4:O 4,O 4′)(μ2-fumaric acid-κ2 O 1:O 4)dipraseodymium(III)]

The title complex, [Pr2(C4H2O4)3(C4H4O4)(H2O)2]n, was synthesized by reaction of praseodymium(III) nitrate hexa­hydrate with fumaric acid in a water–ethanol (4:1) solution. The asymmetric unit comprises a Pr3+ cation, one and a half fumarate dianions (L 2−), one half-mol­ecule of fumaric acid (H2L) and one coordinated water mol­ecule. The carboxyl­ate groups of the fumarate dianion and fumaric acid exhibit different coordination modes. In one fumarate dianion, two carboxyl­ate groups are chelating with two Pr3+ cations, and the other two O atoms each coordinate a Pr3+ cation. Each O atom of the second fumarate dianion binds to a different Pr3+ cation. The fumaric acid employs one O atom at each end to bridge two Pr3+ cations. The Pr3+ cation is coordinated in a distorted tricapped trigonal–prismatic environment by eight O atoms of fumarate dianion or fumaric acid ligands and one water O atom. The PrO9 coordination polyhedra are edge-shared through one carboxyl­ate O atom and two carboxyl­ate groups, generating infinite praseodymium–oxygen chains, which are further connected by the ligands into a three-dimensional framework. The crystal structure is stabilized by O—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions between the coordin­ated water mol­ecule and the carboxyl­ate O atoms

2-(3,3,4,4-Tetra­fluoro­pyrrolidin-1-yl)aniline

In the title fluorinated pyrrolidine derivative, C10H10F4N2, the dihedral angle between the best planes of the benzene and pyrrolidine rings is 62.6 (1)°. The crystal packing features inter­molecular N—H⋯F hydrogen bonds

Poly[[tetra­aqua-μ4-fumarato-di-μ3-fumarato-dineodymium(III)] trihydrate]

The title coordination polymer, {[Nd2(C4H2O4)3(H2O)4]·3H2O}, was synthesized by the reaction of neodymium(III) nitrate hexa­hydrate with fumaric acid in a water–methanol (7:3) solution. The asymmetric unit comprises two Nd3+ cations, three fumarate dianions (L 2−), four aqua ligands and three uncoordinated water mol­ecules. The carboxyl­ate groups of the fumarate dianions exhibit different coordination modes. In one fumarate dianion, two carboxyl­ate groups chelate two Nd3+ cations, while one of the O atoms is coordinated to another Nd3+ cation. Another fumarate dianion bridges three Nd3+ cations: one of the carboxyl­ate groups chelates one Nd3+ cation, while the other carboxyl­ate group bridges two Nd3+ cations in a monodentate mode. The third fumarate dianion bridges four Nd3+ cations, where one of the carboxyl­ate groups chelates one Nd3+ cation and coordinates in a monodentate mode to a second Nd3+, while the second carboxyl­ate groups bridges two Nd3+ cations in a monodentate mode and one O atom is coordinated to one Nd3+ cation. The Nd3+ cations are in a distorted tricapped–trigonal prismatic environment and coordinated by seven O atoms from the fumarate ligands and two O atoms from water mol­ecules. The Nd3+ cations are linked by two carboxyl­ate O atoms and two carboxyl­ate groups, generating infinite Nd–O chains to form a three-dimensional framework. There are O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions between the coordin­ated and uncoordinated water mol­ecules and carboxyl­ate O atoms

Effect of polygonimitin C on bone formation and resorption in human osteoblast-like MG63 cells

Purpose: To investigate the effect of polygonimitin C (PC) on bone formation and resorption in human osteoblast-like MG63 cells.Methods: MG63 cells were treated with PC at doses of 0, 20, 40 or 80 μg/mL for 48 h, with an untreated group as control. The effect of PC on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in MG63 cells was investigated by p-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium hexahydrate assay. Western blot assay was used to evaluate the effect of PC on the expressions of osterix (OSX), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), osteocalcin (OC), fibronectin (FN), type I collagen (COL I), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) proteins in MG63 cells.Results: ALP relative activity in MG63 cells treated with PC at 20, 40 or 80 μg/mL (123.58, 137.74 or 159.62 %, respectively) was significantly (p &lt; 0.05 or 0.01) higher than that in control group (99.37 %). Expressions of OSX, BMP-2, RUNX-2, OC, FN, COL I and OPG proteins in MG63 cells treated with PC at 20, 40 or 80 μg/mL were significantly (p &lt; 0.01) higher than those in control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences in RANKL protein expression between PC-treated MG63 cells and control group.Conclusion: These results show that PC exerts protective effects against osteoporosis by promoting bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption. Thus, PC may be useful in the development of new antiosteoporosis drugs.Keywords: Polygonimitin C, MG63 cells, Bone formation, Bone resorption, Osteoporosi

3,3,4,4-Tetra­fluoro-1-[2-(3,3,4,4-tetra­fluoro­pyrrolidin-1-yl)phen­yl]pyrrolidine

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C14H12F8N2, contains one tetra­fluoro­pyrrolidine system and one half-mol­ecule of benzene; the latter, together with a second heterocyclic unit, are completed by symmetry, with a twofold crystallographic axis crossing through both the middle of the bond between the C atoms bearing the heterocyclic rings and the opposite C—C bonds of the whole benzene mol­ecule. The pyrrolidine ring shows an envelope conformation with the apex at the N atom. The dihedral angle between the least-squares plane of this ring and the benzene ring is 36.9 (5)°. There are intra­molecular C—H⋯N inter­actions generating S(6) ring motifs. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯F inter­actions, forming chains parallel to [010]